— John Steinbeck, Of Mice and Men (1937)

Alpha used to be what hedge-fund managers promised their clients.

Better still, portable alpha — defined in the easy bed-time reading of finance MBAs as the “generation of excess return over a benchmark while maintaining the desired asset allocation to traditional market exposures” — offered to meet and beat whatever returns everyone else was making, thus proving the manager’s genius and justifying his infamous fees.

One-and-twenty? Two-and-thirty? By early 2006, SAC Capital Advisors (minimum investment, $25 million) were rumored to be charging 3% of client assets each year, plus 35% of their gains. Come Oct. 2007, and almost two months after the credit bubble began gushing air “some of the industry’s most exclusive hedge funds charge a performance as high as 50%,” said Reuters.

Now add the cost of audits, account administration, and even trader bonuses, reported LJH Global Investments, a Florida-based adviser, and those annual fees — win or lose — could rise by another 3.5%.

Here’s hoping all that alpha was worth the price. But now? With credit lines shut down at the investment banks? With margin calls hiked so high that — here in London at least — the money held by brokers, exchanges and clearing houses has risen to 43% of the U.K.’s entire cash deposits, up from the 10-year average of 26%…?

Might as well climb into your denim dungarees now, and start watching that blackboard for a shot at getting a work card to buck barley bags. Because whatever the Great Inflation of money and credit did for world trade between 1997 and 2008, it’s clearly ended with a deflationary slump for Mayfair and Connecticut’s finest.

“Hedge funds worldwide shrank by 9% to $1.56 trillion last month,” reports Bloomberg, “the lowest level in two years, after investors withdrew cash and stock markets declined.

“Investors pulled $40 billion from hedge funds in October, according to Chicago-based Hedge Fund Research Inc., while market losses cut industry assets by $115 billion.”

On a returns-to-investment basis, hedge funds lost their clients 6% last month, taking the year-to-date loss to 16%, says HFRI. Oh sure, that still means they’re delivering alpha over and above the stock market…now down by nearly one-half to an 11-year low on the S&P index.

But only one-in-six wealthy investors now believes hedge funds can offer “strong returns” in the current environment, said a survey this week from the Association of Investment Companies (AIC).

Maybe making money — once easy, now hard — is just going to prove so tough, applying PhD mathematics and leverage will only make things worse. Maybe the hedgies should start seeking alfalfa instead.

“The great universities find that when their outstanding economic teachers are called into the business arena, the result is pitiful not only for business but for the teachers,” wrote Robert L. Smitley in his Popular Financial Delusions, four years before John Steinbeck would damn generations of high-school students to dust-bowl misery with Of Mice and Men.

“It seems to be almost impossible to strike a happy medium,” Smitley went on, writing when $1 was worth $20 in today’s money, “the way [these] $3,500 boys accepted $30,000 a year jobs with the Investment Trusts back in 1928 and 1929 and found themselves earning a pittance as hack writers in 1933…writing daily columns forecasting the stock prices and estimating the wheat crop.”

There are some…ummm…hacks, of course, who missed out on this bubble’s $600,000-a-year jobs. And after scribbling our daily columns and forecasting precisely this blow-up in complex, over-paid finance, no doubt irony has got a special treat in store for us, too…flooding the market for financial hacks with over-qualified wannabes desperate to work.

Still, at least a few of us already own gold. In a world shorn of credit, leverage and PhD finance, a lump of dumb metal may well prove worth having.

Regards,
Adrian Ash

Seeking Alfalfa was originally featured on Whiskey and Gunpowder. Visit Laissez Faire Books for the best selection of libertarian book titles.

If you sell out now, what price will you get? A low price, right? So if you sell now, you will leave a lot of value on the table. That is, most things in the world of energy and resources are underpriced compared with their intrinsic value. I don’t care how bad the market looks just now (and it looks awful). Go out and try to find an oil field somewhere, or build an oil refinery, or find an ore deposit and build a mine. Can’t do it, can you?

So if you sell out now, just be aware that you will be getting a relatively low value. You will be leaving long-term value behind. If that’s what you want, then that’s what you ought to do. Just understand the point.

Which brings up the next set of issues. How badly do you need the money? How soon do you need it? How scared are you of further declines? How much risk can you handle, especially going forward? What kinds of reassurance do you need?

The markets are down. A lot of Elvises have left the building. And who is left to do the selling? Just you? Nope. Whatever you think, you are not alone. There are still a lot of people holding their shares. What do they know? And what is their reasoning to hang on?

Have You Lost Control?

From what I have seen, the biggest sellers — the market drivers who are taking the express elevator down to the subbasement — are people who have lost control of their money, if not their investment destiny.

People are selling to meet margin calls. The wildest sellers are traders who are just plain behind the eight ball. It’s more than being scared by what is happening. Heck, we’re all scared in some way or another. I wasn’t around in the 1930s, so I have no firsthand experience with the Great Depression. I know only what my parents and other relatives and friends told me. It was pretty bad for a lot of people.

But right now the serious sellers are people who cannot afford to be patient. A lot of the sellers in the energy and resource field are hedge funds. These firms are meeting redemption calls from investors who want out. The hedge funds just plain need cash. They have to sell. And a lot of those funds are throwing everything over the side, even the life rafts and the emergency rations.

Where Do You Fit In?

When you look in the mirror, is that you? Are you like a hedge fund in panic mode, selling everything just to raise cash? Do you fit into this “sell-sell-sell” model? Don’t feel bad if this is what you have to do. Just be honest with yourself.

Meanwhile, the U.S. — and the world, really — has been dealing with a credit crisis for over a year. Which makes me wonder if there is a turnaround coming sooner, rather than later. I don’t know that. I don’t have a copy of the Financial Times from next March. So I just cannot say if we are closer to the bottom than to the top.

How soon do you need your funds? If you need cash within the next 12-24 months to pay bills like those for college tuition or a nursing home for a relative, then maybe you ought to just take the hit and get out of the market now. There’s no shame in being safe. Look after your needs.

But do you have a longer horizon? Are your “down” stocks in your IRA or 401(k)? You can’t take it out without penalty until you are 59½ years old. Then consider riding it out. And maybe with these low valuations on most stocks, it’s even time to go shopping — but certainly not blindfolded. Nibble away.

For example, for less than three thin dimes, you can buy a share of a Canadian miner that is the only significant tungsten producer outside of China. For under six bits, you can own shares in another Canadian miner that controls one of the richest deposits of indium ever discovered — and according to the U.S. Geological Survey, the world will “run out” of indium in less than eight years.

The World Is on Sale

In a lot of respects, the world is on sale right now. Heck, a lot of stocks in the OI portfolio have turned into dividend plays. Can they maintain their dividends? That’s a good question. Can they sustain earnings? At the same time, if you were management at these companies, would you risk further tanking the stock by cutting the dividend?

And let’s look ahead a year or two. Commodities in general have been plunging in price since early July. The dollar has been strengthening. Will that continue? Can it continue? Why should the dollar stay strong? Does the number $700 billion mean anything to you? So sure, the strong dollar can continue and commodity prices will stay weak. But at some point, the dollar will start to decline in value. And commodity producers will have to cut back on operations by closing mines and mills and smelters. Then they regain pricing power.

And if the world has the vast recession that many people are forecasting? Then global demand should decline in the near and further future.

But there are 6.5 billion mouths to feed on this planet. The world will still have to produce a lot of materials to satisfy basic demand. That is just built into the equation of human survival. And what will happen to pricing power as some layers of high-cost output go away?

For example, the world petroleum industry will lift over 31 billion barrels of oil this year. Even if world demand dropped by, say, 5% — as if the world airline industry simply vanished — the world would still lift nearly 30 billion barrels. And as the current economic woes cause new projects to slow, annual depletion will overwhelm annual new output from new fields. There will be less oil.

That is, looking ahead, the world may never again exceed the oil output levels that we will have in 2008. Indeed, it will require heroic efforts just to keep global oil output flat in the future.

So this brings us back to that OI investment thesis. Energy and resources are getting scarcer and ought to become more valuable going forward. Hey, too bad the world financial system is busted. But that just means that there’s an opportunity to buy good stuff really cheap.

No, I’m not saying that you ought to go out and buy stock with both arms or back up the pickup truck and start shoveling. You need to be very cautious right now. But don’t panic, either.

Sell if you need to sell. Buy if you want to take on the risk. We’re in for some rough economic times. But unless world population starts to die off fast or people develop a taste for living low and being cold a lot, the energy and resource plays are still going to work over the long haul.

Until we meet again…
Byron W. King
October 20, 2008

When Bad Things Happen to Good Investments, Part II was originally featured on Whiskey and Gunpowder. Visit Laissez Faire Books for the best selection of libertarian book titles.

Yet their demise hurts anyone trying to manage an investment portfolio in a prudent manner — similar to how Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers permanently stained the entire investment banking industry. It’s a case of a few bad apples spoiling the whole barrel. Unfortunately, it remains to be seen how regulators and politicians will punish every investor, including those who have acted prudently.

For example, I just read a publicly released copy of a letter dated Oct. 2, sent from the U.S. Congress to Harbinger Capital Partners. It asks Phil Falcone of Harbinger Capital to reveal practically everything that’s confidential about his funds and to testify before a committee. Let’s hope U.S. regulators don’t take action to drive even more investment talent overseas, because we need them here to help keep our markets efficient.

It amazes me how long this environment of panic has lasted. Last Thursday was one of the most violent days I’ve ever experienced in the markets, including the bursting of the tech bubble, and the turmoil continues this week. Quality companies in the oil services, coal, steel, and agriculture sectors were liquidated in violent fashion — many of them down 20% in a day and 50% over the past month. These are real companies performing vital functions necessary to keep the lights on and food on shelves, not speculative Internet stocks.

The list of victims includes companies that are very likely to deliver good earnings over the next few years. The list includes several of the stocks I’ve recommended in past issues of Strategic Investment, and still follow closely. If you’re a long investor, there are some screaming bargains out there — unless, of course, half of the world’s population stops using food, electricity, and oil. I doubt that will happen in a world of unfettered deficits and central banks, but anything’s possible. I’ll have more to say about this in an upcoming issue of Strategic Investment.

For immediate ideas, I strongly recommend considering the long list of bargains that my colleague Chris Mayer has recommended in Capital & Crisis and Mayer’s Special Situations. It’s mind-boggling how cheap some of them have become. Chris is an excellent stock picker. He goes to great lengths to find safe, cheap investments.

Government Inflation vs. Private Deflation

The money managers that survive this environment will probably look to own some of the dirt-cheap stocks in the energy, commodity, and agriculture sectors, rather than expensive stocks that thrived on spending from home equity loans. Once this credit market panic subsides, I expect we’ll see this shift in sector focus. Fund managers will have to start distinguishing between earnings that resulted from fake, bubble-induced consumption, and earnings that resulted from real, sustainable demand. I’m looking forward to earnings season, when analysts and fund managers can finally get some guidance about which companies’ earnings will hold up best during this recession.

Even the best fund managers and stock pickers in the world — several of them listed in this Bloomberg article — are down for the year. A few of these managers saw the credit crisis coming, and made nice profits shorting financial stocks. But the SEC’s totally arbitrary rule changes in recent weeks have created an environment that’s very difficult to navigate.

The SEC’s short selling ban has not changed much, other than taking efficiency and liquidity out of the market. For example, Allied Capital was on the “do not short” list. Yet it crashed earlier this week upon announcing the bankruptcy of Ciena Capital. That was a case of long investors all trying to squeeze out of a narrow door of liquidity.  It was not a “short attack.”

Uncertainty about the banking system is causing this panic in the credit markets. Innocent bystanders are suffering from the fallout from this credit bubble.

For example, I’ve read several accounts of hedge funds whose assets are stuck in the black hole that is Lehman Brothers’ balance sheet. I’m not referring to people who own Lehman bonds, I’m referring to funds that had custodial agreements with Lehman. Custodial agreements are supposed to ensure that Lehman could only execute trades for the pool of assets under its custody — not take actual possession of the assets.

It seems that in the days and hours before declaring bankruptcy, Lehman moved certain assets — many of which it did not own — to its subsidiaries all around the globe. Now, hedge funds with no perceived credit exposure to Lehman are joining the line of creditors, fighting to get their clients’ assets back in bankruptcy court.

This total destruction of confidence in counterparty risk is the reason why credit is drying up. So what has the Federal Reserve been doing as the lender of last resort?

It has nearly doubled the size of its balance sheet in the past few weeks. The Oct. 3 issue of Grant’s Interest Rate Observer describes:

“After a flat-footed start, [the Fed] had shown its ability to degrade its balance sheet by selling off its Treasuries and acquiring dubious mortgages. But it had not really put its back into dollar debasement. The sum total of its earning assets, i.e., Reserve Bank credit, was rising at year-over-year rates of just 3% to 4%. Where was the push to print up enough dollar bills to smother the debt crisis of 2007-8 — assuming the problem was susceptible to smothering through money printing?

“Mystery solved: Reserve Bank credit is suddenly flying. It surged by $203.6 billion, to $1.135 trillion, in the banking week ended Sept. 24. And if Merrill Lynch’s guess is on the mark, it has soared to $1.730 trillion in only the past few days, a near doubling since May 2007 [emphasis added], when the latent crisis became manifest.”

After the panic subsides, the Fed will rein in much of this new money. Right now, banks are “stuffing it under the mattress,” so to speak. Banks and individuals are crowding into the perceived safety of Treasury bonds. That’s why consumer prices aren’t immediately rising; private market credit is contracting as fast as the Fed’s balance sheet is expanding. The Fed will always lend when no one else is willing to do so. “The U.S. government has a technology, called a printing press (or, today, its electronic equivalent), that allows it to produce as many U.S. dollars as it wishes at essentially no cost,” said Fed Chairman Bernanke in November 2002. This means that there will always be paper money available to lend. However, the U.S. dollar is getting debased on an unprecedented scale.

The printing press may be the only way to prevent a self-sustaining credit panic, but it doesn’t come without a price; it lowers the U.S. dollar’s stature even further in the eyes of our foreign creditors.

I’m betting that government inflation will defeat private market deflation. However, when the dust settles, I expect the Treasury and Fed to have its own set of negotiations with foreign creditors. The obligations they are assuming and monetizing are simply too enormous without inciting a potential panic among our generous foreign creditors. Maybe we’ll see a Bretton Woods-type agreement in 2009 — one where the U.S. dollar is devalued by 50% against certain foreign currencies overnight.

Best regards,
Dan Amoss, CFA
October 9, 2008

Strong Resource Companies Will Survive… The Dollar May Not was originally featured on Whiskey and Gunpowder. Visit Laissez Faire Books for the best selection of libertarian book titles.

But Hofmann’s hallucinations seem little worse than most acid-induced visions. Or so people tell us…

“Beginning dizziness,” he wrote in his lab journal for 19 April 1943. Looking to find a stimulant for the circulatory and respiratory systems, he’d just concocted — and taken — a big dose of lysergic acid diethylamide-25.

“Feeling of anxiety,” he noted, before adding in due course “Difficulty in concentration. Visual disturbances. Desire to laugh.”

Finally, Hofmann scrawled the words “most severe crisis” and fled the lab on his bicycle. It seemed to stay stationary even as it wheeled him back home, where his neighbor — who brought him a nice glass of milk to calm him down — appeared as a witch in a colored mask.

He felt possessed by demons. The furniture in his bedroom began to menace him. All pretty run of the mill stuff if you dabble with psychotropics, in short.

But such “fantastic images” don’t always ease into the sensations of “good fortune and gratitude” Hofmann got to enjoy later that day. Hallucinations can still cause the “most severe crisis” — even without some fool laying Witches Hat by the Incredible String Band on the turntable.

“Inflation will return to the two percent target,” claimed Mervyn King, head of the Bank of England, and one half of the financial furry freak brothers running Anglo-American monetary policy.

“Growth will eventually recover to a sustainable rate.”

Just a central banker’s wide-eyed hallucination? Maybe not. Like Albert Hofmann’s wobbly bike-ride six decades ago, the credit cycle will get us home in good time, ready to turn once again from boom to bubble to bust. But like any powerful psychedelic, the trip gobbled down by Western investors could last much longer than anyone dares hope right now.

And just what was the Governor smoking when he claimed, “In these [current] circumstances, the household saving rate is likely to rise…”?

The Bank of England has been cutting U.K. interest rates since December. Its latest Inflation Report says it will continue to cut interest rates “in line with [bond] market expectations,” too.

And U.K. households have grown their savings only once when interest rates fell in the last four-and-half decades. That brief period lasted for two years at the start of the 1990s.

Both before and since — and most markedly during the previous post-war recessions (of 1974 and 1981) — people have tweaked their savings almost precisely in line with changes to the rate of interest, as set by the Bank of England itself.

King’s starry-eyed vision, however, “is part of a rebalancing of the U.K. economy, away from spending and importing, toward saving and exporting,” he told reporters last week.

The sky’s turned all purple in Washington too if U.S. policy-makers think the credit crunch will somehow boost household savings there.

Put another way, “who had heard of collateralized debt obligations just 10 years ago?” as Niall Ferguson, history professor at Harvard, asked in a speech opening New York’s new Museum of Finance back in January this year.

“Collateralized loan obligations? Credit derivatives? These forms of financial instrument are of very recent origin. So are the hedge funds; so are the private equity partnerships; so are the sovereign wealth funds; and so are those wonderfully named entities, the conduits…”

Ferguson then flashed up a series of charts “to illustrate the speed with which these phenomena have proliferated.” First, mortgage-backed securities. Starting in 1980 – “when scarcely any such thing existed” — they total $3.5 trillion-worth today. Then he cited “the whole range” of other newly born asset-backed instruments — automobile loans, equipment loans, student loans, credit card-backed debt derivatives…

“Over the counter derivatives outstanding?” the professor asked. “Well, if you’d asked someone to name that figure in 1987 it would have been a very small number indeed.”

Ferguson’s theme bears repeating; he likens the huge growth in complex financial products to an evolutionary spurt, “an explosion of life forms [amid an] unusually benign climate.”

Whereas I see it more as a chemistry experiment gone horribly wrong. The hare-brained PhDs mixing up the medicine are too spaced out to even guess at what’s now sitting in the Petri dish. And the financial monsters it has spawned aren’t merely in the scientists’ minds.

Take hedge funds, for example; Ferguson notes that in 1990, those financial life forms known as “hedge funds” numbered around 600 (also including funds of funds). Now they’ve reproduced and multiplied up toward 10,000.

“As a form, the hedge fund dates back to the 1940s. But this population explosion is of very recent origin.”

The raw numbers also hide a “regular, annual dying out”; there’s chronic survivorship bias in the data. In 2006, for example, 717 hedge funds were culled; the 2007 figure should be even larger. And here, believes Ferguson, we see survival of the fittest in action. If he’s wrong, perhaps it’s just the contingency of life itself, allowing the standard proportion of idiots to thrive and market their “top decile” performance to a new generation of unwitting investors.

“A lot of reporters ask me these days whether we’re in the midst of a commodity bubble,” said Dr. Benn Steil, senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, at the Hard Assets Conference in New York in mid-May.

“In fact, I’m going to Washington to give a Senate testimony. [Because] my perspective is that the more interesting, and indeed more important, question to ask is whether we’re at the end of what I would call a ‘fiat currency bubble’.”

Like Professor Ferguson, Dr. Steil looks back “to the early 1980s” to find the origins of whatever it is we’re now watching mutate, if not die out.

Under Paul Volker at the Federal Reserve, “inflation, and at least equally importantly inflation expectations, were driven out of the system through a pretty ruthless policy of very tight money, high interest rates. Very tight money.”

What followed was “the golden age of the fiat Dollar” says Steil, reminding us that credit expansion was unshackled from gold in 1971, when Richard Nixon stopped redeeming the U.S. currency for bullion altogether. It took tight money — “very tight money” — to bring the resulting inflation of the 1970s under control.

The fiat money experiment then broke out of the lab with the “explosion” of financial life-forms witnessed from 1980 right up to last summer. Indeed, it all ran just fine until around 2002, when the cost of key raw materials — notably wheat and oil, as in Steil’s charts above — began to shoot higher in terms of Dollars and other government-backed currencies.

Measured against gold prices, however, they’ve barely budged. “That shouldn’t surprise people,” says Steil, “because as we go back to the era of the gold standard from about 1880 until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, prices around the world in countries that were on the gold standard were also remarkably flat.

“The figure looked just like this. So gold is behaving as it has historically.”

In the hot, fetid climate of low interest rates and surging credit supplies, central bankers like Ben Bernanke and Mervyn King are hallucinating if they think they can control the monsters spawned by the fiat money experiment.

And tripped out on delusions of “minor god” status, these furry freaks really do believe they can talk Wall Street and the City back down from their current wave of “worst crisis ever.”

Regards,
Adrian Ash
BullionVault
May 27, 2008

Central Bank Mistakes was originally featured on Whiskey and Gunpowder. Visit Laissez Faire Books for the best selection of libertarian book titles.

As the quarter unfolded, it became clear that the world’s credit system was drifting aimlessly, like a ship sailing with no wind. A lot of business that should have gotten done just did not happen, for lack of funding. Funding went away because risk aversion kicked in with a vengeance, and for a very real reason.

The last 12 months or so have been a time of re-pricing risk — and this occurred on a global scale. But the re-pricing was not orderly. The U.S. dollar was steadily drifting downward in value, and prices for most things were readjusting just on this monetary basis alone. Add to this some severe industrial disruptions, from power shortages in South Africa to floods in Australia to economy-stopping winter weather in China.

Closer to home, the downward re-pricing of risk rapidly became a collapse as flaws in the U.S. rating agency process bobbed to the surface. With so much distressed commercial paper floating around, many people were paranoid about risk. It was like the old game of “hot potato,” except nobody could pass their potatoes onto the next guy down the line.

For example, in one major presentation, I heard General Electric CEO Jeff Immelt spend a large part of his discussion defending GE’s “triple-A credit rating.” Normally, Immelt would be up there slapping the pointer against the screen and bragging about all the great products that GE makes and sells. Instead, he was busy trying to “prove a negative,” that GE does not hold bad paper in its money operations. But Immelt believed he had to defend GE’s stock price by dispelling fears of a rating markdown.

And through it all, the resulting stock market gyrations were a reflection of investor confusion about the future. Are we at the end of something good? Are we at the beginning of something bad? Is this the beginning of the end? Or is it only the end of the beginning? Really, what comes next? Will credit markets liquefy? Or will they stay dried out? Can we do business? Or should we hold tight and sit on the cash?

New York Times columnist Paul Krugman recently told Fortune “Large parts of the financial system will have to be reinvented.” And there’s no argument from me on that one. But so much of the financial system is broken that the question is where to even start.

The Flipping Industry

It is apparent that much of the old way of doing business — particularly in the realm of lending money — was rotten to the core. In my view, it begins with the dollar itself. The dollar has been steadily deteriorating in value for decades, so inflationary expectations are part of the worldwide consciousness. That is, just because of the long-term decline in the value of the dollar, most people expect most things to go up in price most of the time.

So is it any wonder that people developed a “speculation expectation”? This fed into an entitlement mentality, as well, that tainted every rung of the credit ladder. A lot of people wanted to buy and flip, whether it was houses or stocks or commodities. So other people lent to people to enable buying and flipping. Flipping became a dominant, if not defining, element of the financial “industry,” of sorts.

The Money Was Just Too Good

But what an industry! For example, in the past five years, many people just plain lied through their teeth on everything from credit card applications to mortgage applications to the lending documents for multibillion-dollar takeovers. It was pure and brazen fraud in many instances, verging on burglary in plain sight. The next level up the food chain — the brokers and loan officers — often just looked the other way and rubber-stamped the papers. “Hey, not my problem.”

This kind of bad buck-passing went all the way to the top of some firms, many with familiar names. There in the ethereal reaches of the nice office buildings in Irvine, Calif., and Fort Lauderdale, Fla. — let alone Wall Street — the chief executives knew, or should have known, how risky the portfolios were becoming.

But these corporate worthies let it happen. The pressure to “make the numbers” was too much. The money was just too good. The bonuses were too sweet. And besides, there is always the old excuse that “Everybody does it this way.” Yet it was not for nothing that the ancients defined greed as a deadly sin. At each step of the ladder of financial deceit, people just let it slide. They should have known better, and maybe they did know better.

Now looking ahead, we have a hell of a rocky road before us. And can we as a society really “regulate” our way out of that situation? Or is there a systemic problem with deeper roots? Really, what do the Furies have in store for us?

Until we meet again…
Byron King
April 8, 2008

2008 First Quarter was originally featured on Whiskey and Gunpowder. Visit Laissez Faire Books for the best selection of libertarian book titles.